Hackers see little risk in breaking law - text 2

Hackers see little risk in breaking law

A A hacker group from Slovakia called binary.division got inside the e-mail Web site Post.cz and set up the system to regurgitate passwords when a username was entered instead of requiring one. For four minutes the site was under the hacker’s control, until technicians at Czech OnLine, Post’s parent company, shut the system down.

B The hackers, who were virtually untraceable, did no harm other than disrupting operations for a few moments, but that doesn’t mean it won’t be worse next time. While the October 13 attack on the Post.cz site is hardly an anomaly, most Czech companies refuse to report hacker activity against their Web sites for fear of damaging their reputation and possibly their value, said Jiří Dastych, a major in the police presidium who deals with computer crime.

C Daniel Nalevajko, customer support director for Czech OnLine, said he isn’t surprised companies fail to report intrusions into their servers or on their Web sites. He said customers could desert a company they think can’t protect their private data. Seznam.cz routinely finds hackers trying to either break into their Web portal site or attempting to overload their system, said Petr Naidr, the company’s technical director. Even if the company notices the intrusion, tracking a hacker is difficult because attacks can come from any corner of the globe.

D “Hackers don’t avoid any countries,” Naidr said. “He can be sitting in the next room, be in another city, in a different country or on another continent.” Since most hacker intrusions are resolved by network administrators or Internet service providers, many companies don’t even think to contact police or don’t believe they can help, he added. And if a company’s site experiences a lot of traffic each day – like the e-mail site Post.cz and the portal Seznam.cz – it is also extremely difficult to weed out which hit was malicious.

E While the rate of computer hacking attacks are still not at the same level as in the United States – where more people have access to the Internet and computers – Nalevajko said he expects intrusions from Czech hackers to increase. For now, hackers tend to show off their skill than doing any real damage. But the instances of hackers trying to establish back-door access or copying databases is on the rise, Dastych said. Despite companies’ vigilance against intrusion, hacking will probably remain a fear for Czech firms with a Web presence. “We thought our site was pretty secure, but someone was too clever,” Nalevajko said.

desert – opustit

disrupting – přerušující

intrusion – vstup, vetření se

malicious – konaný ve zlém úmyslu

overload – přetížit

to regurgitate – opakovat

to tend to – inklinovat k

untraceable – nevystopovatelný

vigilance – ostražitost

1) Read the article and match each of the headings to a paragraph.

1 Seznam tracks for hackers

2 Hackers disrupted operations
3 There will be more hackers in the Czech Republic

4 Hackers can be anywhere

5 Binary.division got inside Post.cz

2) Read the article again and answer the questions.

1 What is the article about?

2 Who are binary.division? What have they done?

3 Who is Jiří Dastych? What does he say?

4 Where can hackers be found?

5 Why do the attacked companies rarely contact the police?

3) Explain the following words.

1 username

2 Web sites

3 hacker

4 private data

5 e-mail site

Who is a hacker? What does a hacker do? Whose computer networks do they break into? How can hackers misuse information and data?

Adjusted to:

 http://www.praguepost.com/archivescontent/32866-hackers-see-little-risk-in-breaking-law.html

Facebook and Twitter training lined up for student detectives - Text 1

Facebook and Twitter training lined up for student detectives

A Facebook, Twitter and other social networks will be used by detectives to track down killers and other criminals. This new approach has been revealed by police leaders. The move is part of great changes being made to the training given to thousands of student investigators to bring their work into the 21st century.

B As well as new information on tracking down suspects through social networking sites, where wanted people may reveal valuable clues, updated training exercises include examining how to gather the best information from computers, mobile phones and other electronic devices. Students of police schools will also receive guidance on how best to investigate honour-based violence, record evidence of domestic abuse and solve the problem of rape, while another new material will link to a national collection of footprints made by specific shoes as well as how to collect financial information.

C Deputy Chief Constable Nick Gargan, acting head of the NPIA (National Policing Improvement Agency), commented that modernized training is very important. “This programme is an important part of the career training for detectives and the new schooling covers sensitive areas of policing where limited guidance existed in the past,” he noted. “These improvements are exactly what detectives need to solve the problems and of modern policing effectively.”

D Gargan also added: “The changes underline the importance to having a national agency to provide guidance and train detectives to a single high standard so they can work on investigations in any part of the country and give their colleagues and the public the best quality service in fighting crime.”

E Earlier this year, escaped prisoner Craig Lynch mocked police with clues about his location on Facebook during four months on the run. In London, detectives have been examining Facebook and Twitter posts relating to the murder of 17-year-old Marvin Henry during a suspected fight between rival gangs.

clue – vodítko, stopa

guidance – poradenství, řízení

posts – příspěvky

rape – únos, znásilnění

to mock – vysmívat se

to reveal – odhalit

to track down – vystopovat

to underline – vyzdvihnout, zvýraznit

1) Read the article and match each of the headings to a paragraph.

1 Students of police schools will receive special guidance

2 National agency is needed to provide guidance

3 Cases of cybercrime

4 Social networks will be used by detectives

5 Nick Gargan’s comments

2) Read the article again and answer the questions.

1 What is the article about?

2 What will social networks be used for by the police?

3 Who is Nick Gargan? What does he say?

4 Why is a national agency needed?

5 What has police found out on Facebook and Twitter so far?

3) Explain the following words.

1 suspect

2 social networking sites

3 domestic abuse

4 investigation

5 murder

What is computer crime? What are types of computer criminality? What are social networks? What are they used for? How can they be misused?

Adjusted to:

http://www.metro.co.uk/news/845579-student-detectives-to-get-facebook-and-twitter-training

Computer criminality – Vocabulary

Computer criminality – Vocabulary

altering the data – změna údajů

anti-spam laws – protispamové zákony

bank fraud – bankovní podvod

bulk email – hromadný email

circumvent – podvést

commercial purpose – komerční účel

commission – pověření, zplnomocnění

content of websites – obsah webových stránek

criminal offence – trestný čin

cyber stalking – počítačové pronásledování

cybercrime – počítačová kriminalita

device – zařízení

distasteful – odporný

domestic abuse – domácí zneužívání

e-banking – internetové bankovnictví

e-mail site – emailová stránka

encrypt the data – zakódovat data

exploitation – zkoumání

extortion – vydírání

fraud – podvod

hacker – hacker

identity theft – krádež identity

indecent images of children – porno fotky dětí

information warfare – informační boj

investigation – vyšetřování

malware – počítačová nečistota

misusing existing system tools – zneužívání systémových nástrojů

murder – vražda

netcrime – internetová kriminalita

network – internetová síť

obscene – obscénní, nemravný, nahatý

offensive – útočný

online purchase – online obchodování

output – výstup, produkt, tvorba

password – heslo

personal bank account – osobní bankovní účet

phishing crime – kriminalita vedoucí k získávání citlivých informací

phishing scams – phishingové podvody

pornography – pornografie

private data – soukromá data

record keeping – uchovávání záznamů

sexual offence – sexuální čin

social networking sites – sociální sítě

software packages – soubory programů, softwarové balíčky

source of evidence – zdroj důkazů

spam – spam

stalker – stalker, stopař

stored data – uložená data

suspect – podezírat

teen chat website – web s chatem pro teenagery

theft of classified information – loupež důvěrných informací

to arrest – zatknout, zadržet

to blackmail – vydírat mailem

to conceal unauthorized transactions – zamlčet neopravněné transakce

to invade privacy – útok na soukromí

to stalk celebrities – sledování známých osobností

Twitter accounts – účty na Twitteru

unauthorized – neoprávněný

unlawful – nezákonný

unsolicited sending – nevyžádaná pošta

username – uživatelské jméno

Web sites – webové stránky

writing code – kód dokumentu

Computer crime – Vocabulary

Explain the following words.

altering the data

anti-spam laws

bank fraud

bulk email

commercial purpose

commission

content of websites

criminal offence

cyber stalking

cybercrime

device

domestic abuse

e-banking

e-mail site

encrypt the data

exploitation

fraud

hacker

identity theft

indecent images of children

information warfare

investigation

malware

misusing existing system tools

murder

netcrime

network

online purchase

output

password

personal bank account

phishing crime

phishing scams

pornography

private data

record keeping

sexual offence

social networking sites

software packages

source of evidence

spam

stalker

stored data

suspect

teen chat website

theft of classified information

to arrest

to blackmail

to conceal unauthorized transactions

to invade privacy

to stalk celebrities

Twitter accounts

unauthorized

unlawful

unsolicited sending

username

Web sites

writing code

Computer crime – Questions

Answer the following questions.

What is computer crime?

What are types of computer criminality?

What are social networks?

What are they used for? How can they be misused?

What information shouldn’t we publish there?

What crimes are connected with using social networks?

Who is a hacker?

What does a hacker do?

Whose computer networks do they break into?

How can hackers misuse information and data?

What is child pornography?

Who is a paedophile?

What are chat sites?

How can they be misused?

How can we protect children against contacts with paedophiles?

What is a spam?

How can we protect our e-mail accounts against spam?

What does it usually contain?

What is a computer fraud?

What are types of frauds?

Computer crime – Study material

Computer crime – Study material

Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a crime. Netcrime refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the Internet.

Computer crime encompasses a broad range of potentially illegal activities. It may be divided into one of two types of categories: (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices directly; (2) crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device.

Examples of crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices would include:

• Computer viruses
• Denial-of-service attacks
• Malware (malicious code)

Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include:

• Cyber stalking
• Fraud and identity theft
• Information warfare
• Phishing scams

A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators.

Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is unlawful to varying degrees. As applied to email, specific anti-spam laws are relatively new, however limits on unsolicited electronic communications have existed in some forms for some time.

Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:

• Altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
• Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect;
• Altering or deleting stored data;
• Altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes.

Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud, identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information.

The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may be illegal. Many jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, politically subversive, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes.

One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography.

Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (cyber bullying, cyber stalking, harassment by computer, hate crime, Online predator, and stalking). Any comment that may be found derogatory or offensive is considered harassment.

Hacker or cracker, who accesses a computer system by circumventing its security system.

Adjusted to:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime

Case n. 2 – 3 (Increasing of maintenance of the minor son)

Case n. 2 – 3 (Increasing of maintenance of the minor son)

A mother of minor children came to the Municipal Authority of Jihlava, the Department of Social Affairs, the Department of Social and Legal Protection of Children to ask for help in solving the situation in which she got.

According to her notification, she has been married twice. A minor child was born from the first marriage – a son, who was put in her custody. The minor boy attends 2^nd class of primary school today. His father is obliged to contribute to the maintenance of the son with 1300 Czech crowns a month based on the judgment of the District Court in Jihlava ref P 384/2006-75 of 19^th May 2006, which entered into force 3^rd July 2006. The father does not contribute beyond the maintenance of his son by any extra amount of money; he meets him irregularly – on average once or twice a month throughout the weekend. Otherwise, he shows little interest – just as f.e. congratulations to his birthday, Christmas.

From the mother's second marriage a 2.5-year-old child was born, who the mother is currently on parental leave with. Her husband is 42 years old and he was released from his job on 31^st July 2012 (he had been employed by the last employer for 7 years). The family has a permanent residence in Luka nad Jihlavou, Nová 83.

Task:

Focus on the situation of mother’s older minor child. Tell the mother what proposal she should submit.

Key words and phrases to be solved:

-          The Municipal Authority of Jihlava (preferably local authority)

-          The Department of Social and Legal Protection of Children

-          Married for the second time

-          A minor son was born from the first marriage

-          The boy attends second grade of primary school

-          The father is obligated to maintenance of the son by amount of 1,300 CZK per month

-          The father does not contribute beyond the maintenance of his son by any extra amount of money

-          From the second marriage a 2.5-year-old child was born

-          The mother is currently on parental leave

-          Her husband is 42 years old

-          The family has a permanent residence in Luka nad Jihlavou, Nová 83

Solution:

Increasing of maintenance of the minor son

Due to the fact that the minor's needs have increased significantly with entering primary school, the mother should submit a proposal to increase maintenance. The proposal should be submitted by the District Court in Jihlava in quadruplicate. One copy is intended into the guardianship records of the minor child and other to the participants of proceedings – i.e. mother, father and minor child represented by a guardian, who is legally appointed by the court. (Initiate guardianship proceedings)

Within the burden of proof mother and father are heard and requested for reports on income of the parents and relation to real estate; furthermore, the evidence on the costs, which are associated with the needs of the child (linked to education, leisure and health status). After the burden of proofs proceeds, the court gives judgment. The maintenance of the minor child can be increased with the retroaction of three years – in this case, entering primary school is the determinative time period. (proceeding course)

The judgment is given to all participants who shall have the right to lodge an appeal within 15 days since its delivery and can lodge an appeal through the court that determined in the first level (i.e. the District Court). A second level appeal will be determined be the Regional Court. The guardian will be appointed again, and it newly decides in re after the burden of proceeding. Against the above mentioned decisions of the Regional Court can no longer be appealed. (appeal procedure)

Key words and phrases to be solved:

-          A proposal to increase maintenance of a minor child

-          The proposal is submitted to the District Court in quadruplicate

-          The participants are mother, father and a minor child represented by a guardian

-          The guardian of the minor child is appointed by the court

-          In the frame of the burden of proceedings, the mother and father are heard by the court

-          The court will require a report on the income of the parents and the costs that are associated with the needs of the child

-          After the burden of proofs proceeds, the court gives its judgment

-          The court can determine increasing of maintenance of the minor child with the retroaction of three years

-          A written copy of the judgment must be delivered personally to all participants

-          The participants may lodge an appeal within 15 days from the judgment

-          The appeal is submitted through the District Court

-          The Regional Court decides on the appeal

The case is based on the following legislation:

Material:

The Family Act (94/1963 Coll., As amended)

The Law on Social and Legal Protection of Children (359/1999 Coll., As amended)

Process:

Civil Procedure (99/1963 Coll., As amended)